5-5~5-6 參考影片

open sea 指的是遠離陸地的海域，也就是一望無際的海洋，翻成外海的意思。這是德國計畫利用外海的海洋能源的影片。http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=sdY8ADBN6hM&translated=1

5-3~5-4 參考影片

What is the "Benthos" and What Do Benthologists Do?The benthos refers collectively to all aquatic organisms which live on, in, or near the bottom (substratum) of water bodies. This includes organisms inhabiting both running and standing waters, and also applies to organisms from both saltwater and freshwater habitats.The term "phytobenthos" is used when referring to the primary producers (i.e., various algae and aquatic plants), whereas "zoobenthos" is applied in reference to all consumers (i.e., benthic animals, and protozoa). "Benthic microflora" (bacteria, fungi, and many protozoa) constitute the decomposer community, and are involved in the recycling of essential nutrients.The benthos may be further subdivided on the basis of size. Large benthic animals (those readily visible without the use of a microscope) are collectively referred to as macrozoobenthos or macroinvertebrates. Representatives include clams, snails, worms, amphipods, crayfish, and the larvae of many aquatic insects (e.g., dragonflies, mayflies, stoneflies, caddisflies, chironomid midges, and black flies.) Microscopes are essential to discern members of the microbenthos, e.g. nematodes, ostracods.The benthic macroinvertebrates consume algae, coarse particulate matter (such as fallen leaves) with its associated fungi and bacteria, fine suspended organic matter, and prey organisms. Macroinvertebrates are part of the food supply for many fishes and other vertebrates of lakes and streams.Thus, the benthos encompasses a huge array of life with many phyla involved. They inhabit such disparate habitats as the small aquaria formed in the bottom of pitcher plant leaves, to the bottom inhabitants of the Mississippi River, the Great Lakes, and the oceans.Members of the North American Benthological Society are scientists mainly interested in freshwater biology. These habitats include rivers, streams, temporary streams, lakes, reservoirs, wetlands, and bogs. Benthologists study the life histories, population ecology, and systematics of the benthos. They elucidate the community ecology of the benthos and freshwater ecosystems and work for their conservation. In the area of applied research, benthologists develop pollution monitoring methods and impact assessment techniques. They study pest organisms, such as black flies, zebra mussels (a biofouling organism), and nuisance algae to develop strategies for reducing the health or economic impacts of the pests. Because many of the benthos are important as fish food, their study is important to fisheries management.Most NABS members are associated with educational institutions as faculty, students or staff. Others are employed by government agencies where they use their benthic knowledge for impact assessment, pollution control, and resource conservation. Some benthologists are employed in industry, typically environmental consulting firms. They may be concerned with biofouling by benthic organisms, environmental monitoring for permitting/licensing of facilities, mitigation of impacts, and many varied tasks.Many members conduct research pertaining to freshwater zoobenthos (especially aquatic insects and molluscs), but membership is open to all. Studies of phytobenthos are essential to understanding benthic communities, and the processes in marine benthic communities provide important parallels to those occurring in freshwater. All persons interested in benthic organisms are encouraged to join and to participate in the society's activities.Benthos marine life : http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=QqR5A4PGeUQ

5-2 參考影片

造成沙漠化的原因可略分為二：一為氣候因素，一為人為因素。1.氣候因素：因為地球大氣循環產生變化，氣流下降或降雨量及水源減少，導致乾燥地區移動，或造成持續乾燥的現象而引起沙漠化；此外全球性的氣候變化更加速了沙漠化的進行。2.人為因素：因家畜放木超過草地再生能力(過度放牧)、休耕期過短引起地力耗損(過度耕作)，以及過量採伐薪材等造成沙漠化。它的人文背景主要起因於地區居民的貧困及人口增加等經濟、社會因素。摩洛哥-沙漠化 : http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=aYbIJR2Btas中國敦煌-沙漠化 : http://tw.youtube.com/watch?v=jpXn6zNkjWk&feature=related

學期心得

心得:這學期上了這堂課 也就是地理.真是讓我收穫良多 尤其是課堂翻譯讓我在英文上進步了許多.在同組的分配與默契上也有所收穫.大家一起努力一起進步 分工合作在團體生活中也有所幫助
上地理課也可以懂很多生活上的知識.在生物環境也可以有進一步的了解.尤其是現在地球上偶溫室效應的危機.所以大家在生態有要有所共識要好好維護這地球的環境使地球可以延續下來
讓我們能有更舒適更美好的生活環境!

我家位子!!!

我家位子台灣台北市士林區忠義街78巷17號3樓:

緯度 25° 6'24.65"北
經度121°31'52.16"東

4-1 p.66名詞解釋

coevolution:在達爾文演化論問世之後，自然選擇與適應是生物演化過程中廣為人知而非常重要的驅動現象。在趨同（convergent）演化中，生物因受環境或需求的影響，親緣性遠的不同種生物可能衍生類似功能的構造，反之趨異（divergent）是原本同源的生物或構造，可能因適應而推演成不同種類。另外，生物與生物之間也會因互動而有互相適應的構造或行為衍生，此稱為共同演化（coevolution）。共同演化的例子有根瘤、菌根、寄生物與寄主的關係、獵物與狩獵者的關係、素食動物與植物防禦的關係、花構造與傳粉者的互動演化。依演化趨動力，因傳粉關係而互相推演的植物與動物關係，在共同演化類型中較複雜且受學者們注意的就是傳粉互動關係。從自花授粉到異花授粉，特別是蟲媒花或動物傳粉方式中，植物的花構造和傳粉者的習性有密切演化的相關性。

5-1課堂翻譯

Prevailing winds blowing over the oceans produce mass movements of surface water called currents. The major ocean currents also affect regional climates. The oceans absorb heat from the earth's air circulation patterns, with the bulk of this heat being absorbed near the warm tropical areas. This heat ad differences in water density (mass per unit volume) create warm and cold ocean currents. The earth's rotation and irregularly shaped continents interrupt these currents and cause them to flow in roughly circular patterns between the continents, clockwise in the northern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere. Driven by winds and the earth's rotation, these currents help redistribute heat from the sun from one place to another, thereby influencing climate and vegetation, especially near coastal areas. Ocean currents also help mix ocean waters and distribute nutrients and dissolved oxygen needed by aquatic organisms.

翻譯:吹在海洋的正常風導致稱潮流的水面的群體運動。 主要洋流也影響地方氣候。 海洋吸收從地球的空氣環流樣式的熱，與在溫暖的熱帶區域附近被吸收的大多數這熱。 在水密度(大量上的這個熱廣告區別每個單位體稱)創造溫暖和冷的洋流。 地球的自轉和不規則形的大陸在大致圓樣式中斷這些潮流並且造成他們流動在大陸之間，順時針在北半球和左轉在南半球。 駕駛由風和地球的自轉，這些潮流幫助重新分配從太陽的熱從一個地方到另一個，從而影響氣候和植被，特别是在海岸地區附近。 洋流也幫助混合海洋水和分佈水生有機體和被溶化的氧氣需要的營養素。

4-1課堂翻譯

Some biologists have proposed that when populations of two different species interact over a long period of time, changes in the gene pool of one species can lead to changes in the gene pool of the other. This process is called coevolution. In this give-and-take evolutionary game, each species is in a genetically programmed race to produce the largest number of surviving offspring.

翻譯:有些生物學家提議，當二個不同種類的人口互動在一個長的時期時，在一個種類上基因庫的變化可能導致在其他的基因庫的上變化。 這個過程稱coevolution(共同演化)。 在這場公平交易演變比賽，每個種類在導致生存的子孫的大數的基因上被編程的種族。

3-2 課堂翻譯

Green plants, algae, and some types of bacteria use less than 0.1% of it to produce the nutrients they need through photosynthesis, and in turn to feed animals that eat plants and flesh.

翻譯:綠色植物、海藻和細菌用途的一些類型少於0.1%它生產他們通過光合作用需要的營養素和反過來餵養吃植物和骨肉的動物。

3-1課堂翻譯

proteins formed by linking together monomers of amino acids and nucleic acids(such as DNA)formed by linking monomers called nucleotides.Lipids are a fourth type of macromolecule found in living organisms.

翻譯:蛋白質由連結單體胺基酸構成;核酸(像是DNA)由許多被稱為核甘酸連接起來所構成;脂質為四種高分子存在於有機體的生命裡